Matthew Sag

The Law of Reading Machines

Matthew Sag · Jonas Robitscher Professor of Law in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Data Science · Emory University School of Law

In 2009 I argued that copying works in order to analyze them — not to read them — should generally not infringe copyright. That concept, non-expressive use, now sits at the center of the copyright disputes over AI training. I have been following the thread from search engines to text data mining to generative AI ever since.

  • Testified before the U.S. Senate
  • Cited in dozens of federal decisions
  • 3,295 scholarly citations
  • Author, Copyright Law in the Age of AI

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Books & teaching materials

free · open access

Legal Scholars Roundtable on AI

convenor · annual

Since 2022 I have convened the Legal Scholars Roundtable on Artificial Intelligence at Emory Law — an annual gathering for legal scholarship on AI — alongside the Copyright Scholars Roundtable, which I have co-convened since 2015. I convene both as forums for discussing current scholarship in their respective fields.

About the roundtable, and the current call for papers →

Research

contributions, not interests
  • 2009 —

    Non-Expressive Use

    A framework explaining why machine copying for search, indexing, mining, and training should generally not infringe when the copied expression is not shown to humans. I introduced the idea in 2009; it is now central to the AI training cases.

  • 2023 —

    Copyright & AI Training

    Fair use and generative AI, copyright safety, the "Snoopy problem," the globalization of training exceptions, and testimony before the U.S. Senate.

  • 2012 —

    Text & Data Mining

    From the HathiTrust and Google Books amicus briefs to legal reform proposals in Science: securing the right to do computational research on copyrighted works.

  • 2005 —

    Fair Use

    The doctrine's structure, its eighteenth-century origins, and the empirical evidence that it is more predictable than its critics claim.

  • 2014 —

    Copyright Trolling

    Empirical scholarship that documented and named the mass-litigation business model — cited by federal courts confronting it.

  • 2007 —

    Computational Studies of the Supreme Court

    With Tonja Jacobi: mining oral argument transcripts to measure ideology, interruptions, advocacy, and even laughter at the Court.

Impact & influence: courts, Congress, and citations →

AI as a legal technology

legal education · practice
✶

Named one of the Top 50 Legal Innovators in Academia by The National Law Review & Wickard (2026), recognized for work defining the copyright framework for AI training and generative AI outputs.

Generative AI is not just a subject I study — it is a technology the legal profession, and legal education, now has to metabolize. Much of my recent writing is about how law schools should adapt:

More on AI as a legal technology →

Public lectures

I give public lectures on understanding and using generative AI —

for universities, courts, bar associations, firms, and general audiences. Recent venues include Yale Law School, Harvard Law School (for an audience of federal judges), the U.S. Senate, and the National Library of Australia.

Invite me to speak →

Recent writing

the blog
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